The Experiences of Parents in South Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ecological Systems Perspective

Authors

  • Sipho Sibanda Department of Social Work and Social Policy, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4812-9685
  • Megan Lotz South African College of Applied Psychology, Johannesburg, South Africa.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14456/journalspsd.2025.2

Keywords:

Ecological systems, Parents, Lived experiences, South Africa, COVID-19

Abstract

COVID-19 has caused havoc on the stability of families in South Africa. Although researchers have explored the impacts of the pandemic worldwide, no studies have been done to explore the COVID-19 experiences of parents in South Africa. The exploration of parents' lived experiences from an ecological perspective can provide insight to researchers and policy makers on how best to empower parents. Furthermore, it can provide a comprehensive understanding about parents' lived experiences during a pandemic in a developing country. The research question was: ‘What are the lived experiences of parents during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa?’. The study was qualitative in nature, participants were recruited from four provinces in South Africa using non-probability, purposive sampling methods. Data was gathered using one-on-one, semi-structured interviews and subsequently analysed using Creswell’s (2014) model of thematic analysis. The findings from the study indicate both negative and positive experiences around the following issues: COVID-19 perceptions, relationships and spouse relationships, connections and lost connections, changes in routine, financial status, education, and positive experiences. The article concludes that comprehensive interventions for empowering parents during pandemics should be developed.

Author Biography

Sipho Sibanda, Department of Social Work and Social Policy, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.

Research Associate of Department of Sociology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.

 

References

Achuo, E. D., Dinga, G. D., Njuh, C. J., & Ndam, N. L. (2020). The Socioeconomic impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Africa. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 22(2), 1–10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344211057

Alonzo, D., Popescu, M., & Ioannides, P.Z. (2021). Mental health impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on parents in high-risk, low-income communities. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(3), 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764021991896

Babbie, E. (2016). The Practice of Social Research (14th Edition). Cengage Learning

Barrow, D. M. (2017). A Phenomenological study of the lived experiences of parents of young children with autism receiving special education services. [Dissertations Thesis]. Portland State University. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5919

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv26071r6

Chen, C. Y. C., Byrne, E., & Vélez, T. (2021). Impact of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 on Families with School-aged Children in the United States: Roles of Income Level and Race. Journal of Family Issues, 43(3), 719-740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X219941

Cheng, T., Moon, M., & Artman, M. (2020). Shoring up the safety net for children in the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatric Research, 88(3), 349-351. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-020-1071-7

Craig, L., & Churchill, B. (2021). Dual‐earner parent couples’ work and care during COVID‐19. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(S1), 66-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12497

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (4th ed., Ch. 9). SAGE.

Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C.N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five approaches (4th ed., Ch. 4). SAGE.

Cuartas, J. (2020). Heightened risk of child maltreatment amid the COVID-19 pandemic can exacerbate mental health problems for the next generation. Psychological Trauma:

Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 12(S1), 195-196. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000597

Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 14(20), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3

Golberstein, E., Wen, H., & Miller, B. F. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical Association Pediatrics, 174(9), 815–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456

Greyling, T., Rossouw, S., & Adhikari, T. (2021). The good, the bad and the ugly of lockdowns during Covid-19. PloS one, 16(1), e0245546. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245546

Haleemunnissa, S., Didel, S., Swami, M.K., Singh, K., & Vyas, V. (2021). Children and COVID19: Understanding impact on the growth trajectory of an evolving generation. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105754

Harrist, A. W., Henry, C. S., Liu, C., & Morris, A. S. (2019). Family resilience: the power of rituals and routines in family adaptive systems. In B. H. Fiese, M. Celano, K. Deater-Deckard, E. N. Jouriles, & M. A. Whisman (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Foundations, methods, and contemporary issues across the lifespan (pp. 223–239). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000099-013

Ishmael, I. O., Musvipwa, F., Amaechi., K. E. & Raselekoane, R. (2020). COVID-19 lock-down socio-economic challenges faced by households in rural areas: A perspective from Vhembe district, South Africa. Socioloski Pregled, 54(3), 761–798. https://doi.org/10.5937/socpreg54-27482

Kerr, M.L., Fanning, K., Huynh, T., Botto, I., & Kim, C. (2021). Parents’ self-reported psychological impacts of COVID-19: Associations with parental burnout, child behaviour, and income. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 46(10), 1162-1171. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsab089

Long, E., Patterson, S., Maxwell, K., Blake C., Bosó Pérez, R., Lewis, R., McCann, M., Riddell, J., Skivington, K., Wilson-Lowe, R., Mitchell, R. M. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on social relationships and health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 76(2), 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-216690

Mlambo, V. H., & Khuzwayo, N. N. (2021). COVID-19, food insecurity, and a government response: reflections from South Africa. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 19(1), 1–14. https://techniumscience.com/index.php/socialsciences/article/view/3190

Mortazavi, F., & Ghardashi, F. (2021). The lived experiences of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive phenomenological study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21(93) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03691-y

Russell, B. S., Tambling, R. R., Horton, A. L., Hutchison, M., & Tomkunas, A. J. (2021). Clinically significant depression among parents during the COVID-19 pandemic: examining the protective role of family relationships. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 10(3), 190-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000175

Saddik, B., Hussein, A., Albanna, A., Elbarazi, I., Al-Shujairi, A., Temsah, M.H., Sharif-Askari, F. S., Stip, E., Hamid, Q., & Halwani, R. (2021). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults and children in the United Arab Emirates: a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 224. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03213-2

Vanderhout, S. M., Birken, C. S., Wong, P., Kelleher, S., Weir, S., & Maguire, J. L. (2020). Family perspectives of COVID-19 research. Research Involvement and Engagement, 6(69), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40900-020-00242-1

Vavra, J. (2020, March). Shutdown sectors represent large share of all US employment. Becker Friedman Institute for Economics at the University of Chicago. https://bfi.uchicago.edu/insight/research-summary/shutdown-sectors-represent-large-share-of-all-us-employment/

Weaver, J. L., & Swank, J. M. (2021). Parents’ lived experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic. The Family Journal, 29(2), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720969194

Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Wang, S., Chao, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Xiong, W., Xu, L., … Song, Y. (2020). Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA internal medicine, 180(7), 934–943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994

Downloads

Published

30-06-2025

How to Cite

Sibanda, S., & Lotz, M. (2025). The Experiences of Parents in South Africa During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Ecological Systems Perspective. Journal of Social Policy, Social Change and Development, 3(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.14456/journalspsd.2025.2